Definitions and data sources When this calculation produced a negative score because of excess servings or energy, the score was converted to 0. We prospectively examined the associations between the standard and modified scores on the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and total and cause specific mortality using data from a large scale population based cohort study in Japan. The contour map in Figure la displays this progress even for elderly males. We conducted multiple sensitivity analyses by excluding individuals with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or dyslipidaemia and those who died during the first three years of follow-up. There was a significant inverse association with cardiovascular disease mortality in women (P=0.01 for trend) but not in men (P=0.18 for trend); there was, however, no significant evidence of a difference in these effects between men and women (P=0.08 for interaction by sex). Higher diet quality scores have been consistently associated with a lower risk of mortality.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 All cause mortality was reportedly reduced by 11-42%,10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 cardiovascular disease mortality by 17-60%,10 11 14 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 24 and cancer mortality by 11-40%11 14 15 16 18 19 23 in individuals with the highest category of scores of diet quality compared with individuals with the lowest category. Many translated example sentences containing "mortality rate" – Japanese-English dictionary and search engine for Japanese translations. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. In sensitivity analyses, the associations between the dietary score and mortality were strengthened after we excluded these individuals. Further investigation is required to identify specific groups of individuals who benefit from following the Japanese food guidelines in prevention of cancer. United Nations projections are also included through the year 2100. Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Japan from The World Bank: Data. For participants with missing data on BMI, smoking status, physical activity, coffee consumption, green tea consumption, or occupation, we imputed the data using multivariate normal imputation (the SAS PROC MI procedure) with five rounds of multiple imputations by including all covariates, follow-up length, and mortality status to account for missing data. The death rates due to alcoholism in Japan were analysed for the period 1950-1978. If an individual consumed more than the recommended amount of servings or energy, the score was calculated with the following formula: 10−10×[(the consumed amount of servings or energy)−(the upper limit of the recommended amount)]/(the upper limit of the recommended amount). 13 However, in our Japanese cohort, the point estimates of mortality rates (Table 2) and adjusted HRs (Figure 2) from ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases in the nephropathy group were higher than those in the macrovascular disease group (Table 2). The corresponding values for cerebrovascular disease mortality were 1.00, 0.97 (0.82 to 1.15), 0.81 (0.68 to 0.98), and 0.78 (0.63 to 0.97) (P=0.002). The assessment of overall diet quality has been shown to be useful in evaluating the effect of diet on morbidity or mortality.6 More than 25 a priori defined dietary scoring systems have been developed to assess diet quality based on adherence to dietary recommendations or guidelines specific to the country where the tool was developed.6 For example, the healthy eating index7 and the alternate healthy eating index8 were developed in the United States according to Dietary Guidelines for Americans on the basis of nutrient and food intake. Data. In the Multiethnic Cohort,23 the highest diet quality score, including the healthy eating index-2010 and the alternate healthy eating index-2010, was associated with 22-25% and 21-22% lower rate of total mortality in men and women, respectively. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the institutional review board of the National Cancer Centre of Japan and the ethics committee of the National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Funding: This study was supported by National Cancer Centre research and development fund (23-A-31[toku] and 26-A-2) (since 2011), a grant-in-aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (from 1989 to 2010), Practical Research Project for Life-Style related Diseases including Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus (15ek0210021h0002) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, JSPS KAKENHI Grant No 15H04779, and grants-in-aid for research from the National Centre for Global Health and Medicine (26A-201). World Health Organization. Russia’s mortality rate grew by 13.8% during the first eleven months of this year compared to the same period in 2019, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golilkova said on Monday. Infant mortality is the death of young children under the age of 1. Maternal mortality declined by 38 per cent between 2000 and 2017 Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Between 1991 and 2010, post neonatal mortality rate of Japan was declining at a moderating rate to shrink from 2.24 per 1000 births in 1991 to 1.28 per 1000 births in 2010. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Western patients with diabetes and a history of macrovascular events have a high risk of mortality from recurrent macrovascular events. Fish, Seafood. Japan’s infant mortality rate has been dropping, but then so has the infant mortality rate in almost all other countries, including the United States, which is at record low levels. 1). This association was partly explained by intake of vegetable dishes and fruits, which have been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease not only in the present study37 but also in numerous other studies.35 Likewise, the association with mortality from cerebrovascular disease was partly explained by intake of fish and meat dishes. The seasonality of the major causes of unintentional injury (transport accidents, drowning and suffocation) and intentional injury (suicide and homicide) mortality was examined for children and adolescents aged 0–19. Gram quantities were summed and used to calculate the ratio. In addition, to visually inspect possible non-linear associations, we used restricted cubic spline with five knots placed at the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th centiles of the food guide score. Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 Target 5A called for the reduction of maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene services (per 100,000 population) n.a. In contrast, we assigned the highest score (10 points) to individuals who consumed more than the recommended amounts of vegetable dishes or fruits. Design Large scale population based prospective cohort study in Japan with follow-up for a median of 15 years. Probability of dying between birth and exact age 5. Main outcome measures Deaths and causes of death identified with the residential registry and death certificates. This protective association was mainly attributable to a reduction in mortality from cerebrovascular disease. It appears that the mortality rate in China was higher than Japan. Discussion and Conclusion This is the first time to detect excess mortality since the outbreak of COVID-19 had emerged in Japan. In our study, a higher intake of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction,47 and a higher intake of saturated fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk of stroke.48. Each score was rounded off to the nearest whole number. Our findings agree with those from other studies that reported that higher diet quality scores were associated with reduced total mortality.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 In China, the Chinese Food Pagoda score assesses the adherence to the Chinese Food Pagoda, which is based on food groups according to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese.19 The concept of the Chinese Food Pagoda score is similar to that of the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan jointly developed the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top in 2005 (fig 1⇓).9 This guide attempts to illustrate the balance and quantity of food in the daily Japanese diet.9 In 2009, Oba and colleagues developed a scoring system to measure the adherence to the food guide based on intake of grain dishes, vegetable dishes, fish and meat dishes, milk, and fruits, as well as the total daily energy and energy from snacks and alcoholic beverages.10. The U.S. maternal mortality rate, meanwhile, hovers around that of Serbia, Oman, and Hungary. We are indebted to the Aomori, Iwate, Ibaraki, Niigata, Osaka, Kochi, Nagasaki, and Okinawa Cancer Registries for providing their incidence data. All rights reserved. One of the biggest challenges in both the developed and developing countries in the 20 th and 21 st centuries has been to decrease infant mortality rates. Death rate: 10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.) This finding could be explained by the higher consumption of fish44 45 and lower consumption of beef and pork45 46 among the Japanese population compared with Western populations, maintaining an appropriate balance between white and red meat intakes in terms of cardiovascular health. We also excluded 6328 participants who reported history of cancer, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, or chronic liver disease in the baseline and second survey. United Nations projections are also included through the year 2100. A self administrated questionnaire survey was conducted at baseline and at the five and 10 year follow-ups. Regarding food intake, a standard portion size was specified for each food item and the respondents were asked to assess their usual portion size relative to the standard specified for each food item using three options (less than half, standard, and more than one and half times). From 2000 to 2017, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by 38 per cent – from 342 deaths to 211 deaths per 100,000 live births, according to UN inter-agency estimates. The infant mortality rate is calculated over number of deaths per live birth of 1,000 infants. Data sharing: No additional data available. The prevalence of ramen restaurants in Japanese prefectures has a significant correlation with the stroke mortality rate. In most studies, higher diet quality scores have been consistently and strongly associated with reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease.11 18 19 20 22 23 36 In our study, individuals in the highest fourth of the food guide scores had a 16% lower rate of mortality from cardiovascular disease compared with those in the lowest fourth. There was a significant effect in individuals with normal weight (P=0.02 for trend) but not in overweight/obese individuals (P=0.79 for trend); the difference in these subgroup effects was also significant (P=0.003 for interaction by BMI). The first model was adjusted for age, sex, and study area, and the second model was further adjusted for BMI, smoking status, total physical activity, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, history of dyslipidaemia, coffee consumption, green tea consumption, and occupation. The second survey included data on 147 food and beverage items and nine frequency categories.28 For most food items, nine options were available for describing consumption frequency, ranging from rarely (less than once a month) to seven or more times a day. Chart and table of the Japan infant mortality rate from 1950 to 2021. Definition: This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. In the food guide, the amount of food that counts as one serving is defined for each category. Dietary intake between the second and the third surveys was moderately stable. National Institute of Health and Nutrition. Members of the Japan Public Health Center based Prospective (JPHC) Study Group. Thoughts On mortality After we excluded those with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidaemia at baseline, the association in men became significant (P=0.004 for trend). Sex-age-period specific mortality rates of the Japanese population are available at the Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan (e-Stat).9 Observed and expected number of deaths were then categorised according to attained age group (0–<30, 30–<40, 40–<50, 50–<60, 60–<70, 70–<80 and ≥80 years). Specifically, vegetables and/or fruits probably protect against cancers of the lung, stomach, oesophagus, mouth, pharynx, and larynx and milk probably protects against colorectal cancer, whereas there is convincing evidence that red meat and processed meat increase the risk of colorectal cancer.42 Of all deaths from cancer in the present cohort, the proportions of deaths from the above mentioned cancers were much higher in men (60.6%) than in women (40.4%). In the Shanghai Men’s Health Study (n=61 239) and the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (n=73 216), the highest fourth of the Chinese Food Pagoda score was associated with a 33% and 13% lower rate of total mortality in men and women, respectively, compared with the lowest fourth.19 In the Iowa Women’s Health Study18 and the Whitehall II cohort,22 the highest category of the alternate healthy eating index, which includes components similar to those of the Japanese food guide, predicted 18% and 25% lower rate of total mortality, respectively. Information on medical histories and health related lifestyles including smoking, drinking, and dietary habits was obtained at each survey. Ethics of Digital Contact Tracing: Principles, Report Series: Primer on COVID-19 Vaccine. The modified score was inversely associated with cancer mortality, although the association did not reach significance (P=0.06 for trend). Of 92 137 participants, we excluded 6215 who reported consumption in the upper 1% of sex specific intakes of each category (grain dishes, vegetable dishes, fish and meat dishes, milk, fruits, as well as energy from snacks and alcohol) or in either the upper or lower 1% of sex specific energy intake. Vegetable dishes included carrots, spinach, pumpkins, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Chinese radishes, salted pickles of Chinese radishes, salted pickles of green leafy vegetables, pickled plums, pickled Chinese cabbage, pickled cucumbers, pickled eggplant, sweet pepper, tomatoes, Chinese chives, garland chrysanthemums, komatsuna, broccoli, onions, cucumbers, bean sprouts, snap beans, lettuce, pak choy, leaf mustard, bitter gourds, leaf beet, loofah, mugwort, sweet potato, potato, taro, shiitake mushroom, hackberry, wakame seaweed, dark edible seaweed, lavers, peanuts, and tomato juice. We classified participants who engaged in manual labour or walked at least one hour a day as moderately physically active and the remaining as sedentary. Learn how the World Bank Group is helping countries with COVID-19 (coronavirus). Right after the war major prograss was observed for ages from 5 to 40 years. In one serving of fruits, the main ingredient weighs about 100 g. The recommended amount of servings for each category and the recommended total energy intake are specified according to sex, age, and level of physical activity, whereas the recommended amount of energy intake from snacks and alcoholic beverages is less than 200 kcal/day for everyone (table 1⇓). The study found that 93 percent of deaths occurred in subjects over the age of 50, … Tokyo, Japan: Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance, 2005. The Japanese Government banned numerous of vaccines including MMR, despite of Big Pharma opposition. Compare that to other developed countries, such as Finland, Italy, or Japan, where the maternal mortality rate is around 3 to 5 deaths per 100,000 births, according to the most recently available data compiled by the CIA. There was some evidence (though not quite significant) of an inverse association between the score and cancer mortality (hazard ratio for a 10 point increment in the dietary score 0.96, 0.93 to 1.00; P=0.053). Fish and meat dishes included steak, grilled and stewed beef, stir fried pork, deep fried pork, Western style stewed pork, Japanese style stewed pork, pork in soup, pork liver, ham, sausage or Wiener sausage, bacon and luncheon meats, chicken liver, grilled chicken, deep fried chicken, egg, salmon, skipjack/tuna, cod/flatfish, sea bream, horse mackerel/sardines, saury/mackerel, eel, squid, octopus, shrimp, clams, pond snails, salted fish, dried fish, dried whitebait, salted fish roe, canned tuna, fish paste products (chikuwa and kamaboko), tofu, boiled tofu, fluffy tofu, freeze dried tofu, deep fried tofu, fermented soybean (natto), and soymilk (tofu and soy products are included in this category because of their nutrient profile). When individuals consumed more than the recommended equivalents of vegetable dishes or fruits, their scores for these foods were deducted in the previous Japanese study. Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) - Japan Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation ( UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division ) at childmortality.org . The food guide comprises five categories of dish: grain dishes (including rice, bread, and noodles), vegetable dishes (including vegetables, mushrooms, potatoes, and seaweed), fish and meat dishes (including meat, fish, eggs, and soybeans, milk (milk and milk products), and fruits (fruit and 100% fruit juice) (fig 1⇑).9 Soybeans are included in category of fish and meat dishes on the basis of nutrient profile (high protein). 5. Ramen Restaurant Prevalence Is Associated With Stroke Mortality in Japan: An Ecological Study Nutr J. We estimated hazard ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for mortality from total and cause specific mortality for a 1 point increment in the score for each dish category. The underlying database for the MORT application is a set of XML files that follow ACORD’s XTbML standards. Of the participants in the analytic cohort, 43 676 (19 778 men and 23 898 women) participated in the 10 year follow-up survey (that is, the third survey) and completed the food frequency questionnaire. The National Health and Nutrition Survey 1975-2002. South Dakota ranked third-worst in the world. Results Results show very few excess mortality in August and October, 2020 It was estimated as 12 and 104. The current population of Japan in 2021 is 126,050,804, a 0.34% decline from 2020.; The population of Japan in 2020 was 126,476,461, a 0.3% decline from 2019.; The population of Japan in 2019 was 126,860,301, a 0.27% decline from 2018. A recent study, published in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases, could perhaps explain this paradox. Overall, infant mortality rates have significantly decreased all over the world. In stratified analysis, we found more pronounced inverse associations between dietary scores and mortality in men who smoked; however, this observation might also be a result of incomplete control of smoking intensity. The Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top is based on the Dietary Guidelines for Japanese, released in 2000, and guides people as to the types and amounts of food they should eat each day to promote health. In the present cohort, however, dietary intake was generally stable over time; the Spearman rank correlation coefficients of intake of each dish category between the second and the third surveys ranged between 0.46 and 0.64 in men and between 0.45 and 0.64 in women. Thus, well designed food frequency questionnaires could be used to estimate dish servings and calculate the adherence score. For cause specific mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality (particularly cerebrovascular disease mortality) was inversely associated with the food guide score; the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of cardiovascular disease mortality for the lowest through highest fourth category of scores were 1.00, 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07), 0.86 (0.77 to 0.97), and 0.84 (0.73 to 0.96) (P=0.005 for trend). Recommended amount of servings by dish category, total energy, and energy from snacks and alcoholic beverages in Japanese food guide. North Dakota had the highest COVID-19 mortality rate of any other state or even any other country in the world last week, according to a shocking analysis by the Federation of American Scientists. This lowers the case-fatality ratio. This is a population-based study using Japanese Vital Statistics and Japan Tuberculosis Surveillance from 1997 to 2016. As a result of these trends, South Korea and Japan now exhibit the two highest rates of suicide mortality among all OECD countries. How to use mortality in a sentence. One serving of a grain dish is composed of about 40 g carbohydrates. We concluded that the recent decline in disability rates, treatment rates of chronic medical conditions and mortality rates points toward overall improvement in health conditions in adults over the age of 65 years in Japan. There was some evidence, though not significant, of an inverse association for cancer mortality (0.96, 0.93 to 1.00; P=0.053 for trend). We observed a significant inverse trend for cancer mortality in men (P=0.02 for trend) but not in women (P=0.96 for trend); there was, however, no significant evidence of a difference in these effects between men and women (P=0.11 for interaction by sex). How do we know that? We observed relatively large attenuation in associations with the food guide score (≥20%) after additional adjustment for the fruit score (29.3%) and vegetable dishes score (29.2%) for total mortality, fruit score (23.5%), and vegetable dishes score (20.6%) for cardiovascular disease mortality, and fish and meat dishes score (23.0%) and fruit score (22.8%) for cerebrovascular disease mortality (data not shown in table). The participants of cohort II included residents aged 40-69 from six public health centre areas (Ibaraki, Niigata, Kochi, Nagasaki, Okinawa-Miyako, and Osaka). Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals of mortality according to score on Japanese food guide (lower score=lower adherence=lower quality diet). The score on the food guide between two surveys was also moderately stable. Adults Differences in adult mortality among countries are large and growing. The score we used in this study was based on the score developed by Oba and colleagues, who found no clear association between the scores and risk of total mortality over seven years of follow-up among men from Japan and a significant inverse association among women.10 We have no clear explanation for the observed difference in men between our study and the previous one,10 but it might be attributable to the different scoring of vegetable dishes and fruits used in each study. All group scores were summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 (the lowest adherence) to 70 (the highest adherence). Baseline characteristics of participants* according to score on Japanese food guide. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Subgroup analysis was also conducted to calculate SMR according to sex. Results Higher scores on the food guide (better adherence) were associated with lower total mortality; the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of total mortality for the lowest through highest scores were 1.00, 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97), 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93), and 0.85 (0.79 to 0.91) (P<0.001 for trend) and the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio associated with a 10 point increase in food guide scores was 0.93 (0.91 to 0.95; P<0.001 for trend). Find Out . If individuals consumed the recommended amount of servings from any of the five categories or the recommended total energy or energy from snacks and alcoholic beverages, 10 points were given for that group. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. JHU.edu Copyright © 2021 by Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. To estimate the impact of each component of the score on the association between the total dietary score and mortality, we calculated the proportion of hazard ratio attenuation in the highest fourth with the following formula: (hazard ratio adjusted for all covariates plus each dish score−hazard ratio adjusted for all covariates [not including dish score])/(1−hazard ratio adjusted for all covariates [not including dish score])×100. However, we used 125 of 147 (85%) food and beverage items in the validated food frequency questionnaire, and we retrospectively calculated dish servings according to the food guide. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. The maternal mortality ratio is used as a criterion for the quality of medical care in a country. "The mortality rates and causes of death among elderly people aged sixty five and over were compared between China and Japan. In summary, individuals with closer adherence to the Japanese dietary guidelines had a lower risk of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease, particularly cerebrovascular disease. Infant mortality rate: This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year. This could be due to chance, especially as there was no significant evidence of a difference between men and women. Conclusion Closer adherence to Japanese dietary guidelines was associated with a lower risk of total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease, particularly from cerebrovascular disease, in Japanese adults. We observed a significant inverse association between the diet score and mortality from cancer in individuals with normal weight but not in overweight/obese individuals. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient of the score was 0.50 in men and 0.45 in women. Our findings suggest that balanced consumption of energy, grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, eggs, soy products, dairy products, confectionaries, and alcoholic beverages can contribute to longevity by decreasing the risk of death, predominantly from cardiovascular disease, in the Japanese population. Life expectancy of the Japanese population has steadily increased over the past few decades and is currently among the longest in the world, with Japanese women recording the longest life expectancy of 87 in 2012.1 Various factors, including socioeconomic and cultural background, as well as universal coverage of health insurance, have jointly contributed to the improvement of health among the Japanese population.2 Of these, special attention has been paid to the role of the Japanese diet, which has been improved in terms of nutritional balance during economic development3 4 while maintaining the traditional dietary culture (for instance, high intake of fish and soybean products and low intake of fat).5 Thus, the association between the diet of the Japanese population and risk mortality is of substantial clinical interest. Compared with men, we observed decreasing trends even in the older populations (75–84 and ≥85 years) in women. 5. Ultimately, 79 594 participants (36 624 men and 42 970 women) remained for the present analysis. These associations appeared to be linear (fig C and E, appendix 1). Definition: This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. `` the mortality rate started to drop following a ban on mandatory vaccinations aged who. Guide from information in the International Journal of Infectious disease the contour map in la. The diet score and mortality rates ( per 100,000 live births mainly attributable to a Japanese food between... The ratio therefore a better diet `` 2011 annual statistics '' observed for ages from 5 to 40.! Modified score was converted to 0 recurrent macrovascular events increased each year overweight/obese groups attributed to and... With demographic variables and social relations, exerts indirect effects on the food frequency could... 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